What is Cervical Cancer †Health Essay

What is Cervical Cancer – Health Essay Free Online Research Papers What is Cervical Cancer Health Essay Cervical cancer is the cancer of the cervix. â€Å"Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade of the tissues, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion or by implantation into distant sites by â€Å"metastasis†.† (Wikipedia) The cervix is the lower narrow part of the uterus. The uterus is where a baby grows during a woman’s pregnancy. The cervix forms the pathway that opens into the vagina, which leads outside the body. Cervical cancer is a very dangerous disease that can be prevented by getting regular pap smear tests and pelvic exams. Cervical cancer develops in the lining of the cervix; this condition usually develops over time. Normal cervical cells gradually go through changes to become precancerous and then cancerous. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the term used to describe the changes. CIN is used to classify the degree of cell abnormality. Low-grade CIN means minimal change in the cells and high-grade CIN means there’s a greater degree of abnormality. (Yarbro) Cancer of the cervix is the second most common worldwide, next to breast cancer, and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women in underdeveloped countries. Invasive cervical cancer is more common in women middle aged and older and in women of poor socioeconomic status, who are less likely to receive regular screening and early treatment. There is also a higher rate of incidence among African American, Hispanic, and Native American women. (Hales)The cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted sexually. Evidence of HPV is found in nearly 80% of cervical carcinomas. (Yarbro) Having multiple sexual partners, history of STD’s, and sexual intercourse at a young age are all sexual activities that increase risk of the HPV infection. Research Papers on What is Cervical Cancer - Health EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingGenetic EngineeringHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Fifth HorsemanResearch Process Part One

DNA In Forensic Science Essays

DNA In Forensic Science Essays DNA In Forensic Science Essay DNA In Forensic Science Essay Over the years, many different advances in technology have made the use of DNA in forensic science possible. In the past twenty years specifically, there have been many extraordinary discoveries In the fields of science that have led to the advancement of procedures in forensics. Before DNA testing, the most accurate way of identifying people was to match the blood types of suspects with blood found at the scene of the crime. Considering the lack of variability of this procedure, it is no surprise Just how important the use of DNA in forensics has become. The evolution of applying DNA jesting to forensics can be traced by looking at Polymerase Chain Reactions, DNA Fingerprinting and the Innocence Project. For Instance, the history behind how DNA became a reliable tool In forensics goes all the way back to when DNA was first discovered. In the year 1869, a German chemist named Frederica Miseries first discovered DNA, which he called nucleic acid Monsoon, 2013). However, it wasnt until 1953 that biologists were finally convinced by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase of Donas importance as the genetic material in organisms (2013). One year later, James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the Truckee of the DNA molecule. They proposed that It Is a double helix with complementary nucleotide sequences (2013). Nonetheless, the most critical development in working towards using DNA in forensics was when Kara Mulls created the Polymerase Chain Reaction in 1983 (2013). Furthermore, the Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PC, was the breaking point for using DNA in forensic science. PC is a process that allows extremely small samples of DNA to become useful. This Is done by taking a double stranded DNA fragment and making It Into two single stranded fragments. These two single stranded reagents are then copied, which creates two double stranded DNA fragments. This procedure is then repeated until there is enough DNA for analysis (2013). PC is so powerful that a single hair will do (2013). Consequently, PC could not truly be applied in forensics until DNA Fingerprinting was developed (Dale, Greenshank, rooks, 2006). DNA Fingerprinting was Invented by Aleck Jeffrey three years after Kara Mulls developed PC (2013). Like the fingerprints that came Into use by detectives and police labs during the sass, each person has a unique DNA fingerprint (Betsey, 994). DNA Fingerprinting is a process used in forensic science to identify people at a crime scene, and to tell how many people were present at the scene. This is done by exposing a DNA fragment to a radioactively tagged probe and any complementary strands that occur in the fragment will bind to the probe. The result Is a set of barded-Like lines that Is the DNA fingerprint (2013). It Is obvious how PC would come in handy in the DNA Fingerprinting process. If there is not enough DNA present for analysis, PC could be applied in order to create a useable sample from the DNA o that the DNA Fingerprinting can be applied (PC Introduction, 2009). These many advances made the start of the Innocence Project possible. Founded In 1 992 by the lawyers Barry Check and Peter Enfield (201 3), the Innocence Project Is an organization dedicated to exonerating wrongfully convicted future injustice (The Innocence Project). One case example is the case of Orlando Bouquet. He was convicted for attempted sexual battery and burglary on May 23rd, 2006 and was quickly released on August 22nd of the same year after DNA testing on the victims clothing proved that he was not the man who committed the crime (The Innocence Project). Another example is the conviction of Steven Barnes in 1989 for a murder he did not commit. He was convicted based on questionable eyewitness identifications and three types of forensic science that had not been validated. Nearly two decades later, DNA testing obtained by the Innocence Project proved his innocence and he walked away as a free man on November 25th, 2008 (The Innocence Project). The Innocence Project has freed hundreds of convicted people over the past ten years (2013). This Just goes to show how important DNA testing in forensics has truly become. PC Amplification, DNA Fingerprinting, and the Innocence Project are Just a few of the uses that have come from the numerous discoveries concerning DNA. The use of DNA in forensics would not be possible without the help of the people that made critical findings concerning DNA, the use of PC Amplification and DNA Fingerprinting, and it also served as the genesis of the Innocence Project. Thanks to the people that contributed to the discovery of DNA, its purpose, its structure, and its many uses, today there are several things that DNA is an essential part of. The development of PC Amplification was a dire step in using DNA as a key part of forensic science. DNA Fingerprinting is a more efficient, less expensive process that has become a very common tool in forensics, and the Innocence Project has become a pillar of the American criminal Justice system (2013). The advances in science and technology over the past twenty years have had a major impact on many diverse parts of society. The advancements of DNA research are particularly noteworthy. With the help of PC Amplification and DNA Fingerprinting, hundreds of men and omen that were wrongfully accused of a crime have been set free, and the true culprits have finally been put behind bars. It is astounding how far scientists have already come in their research, and it is mind-boggling to think about Just how far their discoveries have yet to go.

Using a country of your choice as an example demonstrate how the Essay

Using a country of your choice as an example demonstrate how the government seeks to compensate for market failures.(Japan) - Essay Example Externality effects would gradually become global as globally integrated markets develop. As externalities become huge they pose challenge to achieving macroeconomic stability which in turn challenges the international political architecture. ‘Efficient’ allocation of resources according to economists implies that all possible mutually beneficial trades have been exhausted (Holtom, 2011). This means that proper coordination between willing buyers and sellers has been accomplished. The nature and extent of market failure determines the role that government would play and whether government intervention is at all necessary. Markets rarely correspond to the ideals of a perfectly competitive market as defined by the economic theory (Rama and Harvey). These imperfectly competitive markets may have efficiently allocated resources to derive the best value. Certain conditions termed as ‘market failures’ render government intervention necessary. While failure to syst ematically allocate resources is evidence of inefficient allocation of resources but this is not sufficient reason to justify government intervention. Government intervention in markets can be costly and the benefits must far outweigh the costs if government were to intervene. However, some governments believe that the role of government is benevolent during such externalities (Dolfsma, 2011). In fact institutional economics believe that market cannot function unless they are embedded in a broader set of interrelated institutions. However, government interventions can reduce efficiency through unintended consequences such as distortionary taxes, special interests or maybe just simple errors of judgment (Holtom, 2011). All market failures do not warrant policy action and hence the cost-benefit analysis is essential. A market-oriented economy may produce income inequalities. A person may produce some very efficient product which benefits the society but there is no gain for the poorer people of the society. Moreover it is not possible to exclude non-payers from utilizing a ‘public good’. However, market failures occur when an inefficiently high or low amount of good in question is produced and is directed to markets where they do not receive the desired value (Holtom, 2011). This reduces in value the perfect market conditions. This can be applied to the entertainment and the theme park industry in Japan. Japan is known for the largest global growth for theme parks and the amusement industry. Tokyo Disneyland (TDL) demonstrated solid performance and made a substantial impact on the host economy (Kawamura and Hara, 2010). Being part of the tourism industry they brought in extensive cash flow from the non-resident tourist. However, the rush of theme parks in Japan overlapped with the bubble economy in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Local governments in Japan suffered as an effect of deindustrialization following the bubble economy. Market failures in the theme park industry led to government intervention in several ways but these were found to be counter productive. To revitalize the local economy the development of theme parks was considered essential. Resources were inefficiently allocated to make the theme parks sustainable and help the local economies. Abundance of construction loans were given for theme parks. In addition, the central governments paid subsidies to the local governments and the